Physical activity and inflammation

Diabetes mellitus, referred to simply as diabetes, is a serious metabolic disorder that affects millions of people worldwide [1, 2]. It is caused by defects in insulin production, insulin secretion, and insulin signaling, all of which result in abnormally high blood sugar levels [3]. Diabetes patients usually develop serious secondary complications, especially involving the microvasculature but also cardiovascular disease, retinal damage, nerve damage, and kidney failure [4]. The two principal idiopathic forms of diabetes are known as types 1 and 2. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is due to an autoimmune attack that leads to self-destruction of the insulin-producing β-cells of the pancreas. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is caused by defects in insulin action and production, leading to insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and impaired insulin secretion.