Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

DJ Klionsky, AK Abdel-Aziz, S Abdelfatah, M Abdellatif, A Abdoli, S Abel, H Abeliovich, MH Abildgaard, YP Abudu, A Acevedo-Arozena, IE Adamopoulos, K Adeli, TE Adolph, A Adornetto, E Aflaki, G Agam, A Agarwal, BB Aggarwal, M Agnello, P AgostinisJN Agrewala, A Agrotis, PV Aguilar, ST Ahmad, ZM Ahmed, U Ahumada-Castro, S Aits, S Aizawa, Y Akkoc, T Akoumianaki, HA Akpinar, AM Al-Abd, L Al-Akra, A Al-Gharaibeh, MA Alaoui-Jamali, S Alberti, E Alcocer-Gómez, C Alessandri, M Ali, MA Alim Al-Bari, S Aliwaini, J Alizadeh, E Almacellas, A Almasan, A Alonso, GD Alonso, N Altan-Bonnet, DC Altieri, ÉMC Álvarez, S Alves, C Alves da Costa, MM Alzaharna, M Amadio, C Amantini, C Amaral, S Ambrosio, AO Amer, V Ammanathan, Z An, SU Andersen, SA Andrabi, M Andrade-Silva, AM Andres, S Angelini, D Ann, UC Anozie, MY Ansari, P Antas, A Antebi, Z Antón, T Anwar, L Apetoh, N Apostolova, T Araki, Y Araki, K Arasaki, WL Araújo, J Araya, C Arden, MA Arévalo, S Arguelles, E Arias, J Arikkath, H Arimoto, AR Ariosa, D Armstrong-James, L Arnauné-Pelloquin, A Aroca, DS Arroyo, I Arsov, R Artero, DML Asaro, M Aschner, M Ashrafizadeh, O Ashur-Fabian, AG Atanasov, AK Au, P Auberger, HW Auner, L Aurelian, R Autelli, L Avagliano, Y Ávalos, S Aveic, CA Aveleira, T Avin-Wittenberg, Y Aydin, S Ayton, S Ayyadevara, M Azzopardi, M Baba, JM Backer, SK Backues, DH Bae, ON Bae, SH Bae, EH Baehrecke, A Baek, SH Baek, G Bagetta, A Bagniewska-Zadworna, H Bai, J Bai, X Bai, Y Bai, N Bairagi, S Baksi, T Balbi, CT Baldari, W Balduini, A Ballabio, M Ballester, S Balazadeh, R Balzan, R Bandopadhyay, S Banerjee, Á Bánréti, Y Bao, MS Baptista, A Baracca, C Barbati, A Bargiela, D Barilà, PG Barlow, SJ Barmada, E Barreiro, GE Barreto, J Bartek, B Bartel, A Bartolome, GR Barve, SH Basagoudanavar, DC Bassham, RC Bast, A Basu, H Batoko, I Batten, EE Baulieu, BL Baumgarner, J Bayry, R Beale, I Beau, F Beaumatin, LRG Bechara, GR Beck, MF Beers, J Begun, C Behrends, GMN Behrens, R Bei, E Bejarano, S Bel, C Behl, A Belaid, N Belgareh-Touzé, C Bellarosa, F Belleudi, M Belló Pérez, R Bello-Morales, JSDO Beltran, S Beltran, DM Benbrook, M Bendorius, BA Benitez, I Benito-Cuesta, J Bensalem, MW Berchtold, S Berezowska, D Bergamaschi, M Bergami, A Bergmann, L Berliocchi, C Berlioz-Torrent, A Bernard, L Berthoux, CG Besirli, S Besteiro, VM Betin, R Beyaert, JS Bezbradica, K Bhaskar, I Bhatia-Kissova, R Bhattacharya, S Bhattacharya, S Bhattacharyya, MS Bhuiyan, SK Bhutia, L Bi, X Bi, TJ Biden, K Bijian, VA Billes, N Binart, C Bincoletto, AB Birgisdottir, G Bjorkoy, G Blanco, A Blas-Garcia, J Blasiak, R Blomgran, K Blomgren, JS Blum, E Boada-Romero, M Boban, K Boesze-Battaglia, P Boeuf, B Boland, P Bomont, P Bonaldo, SR Bonam, L Bonfili, JS Bonifacino, BA Boone, MD Bootman, M Bordi, C Borner, BC Bornhauser, G Borthakur, J Bosch, S Bose, LM Botana, J Botas, CM Boulanger, ME Boulton, M Bourdenx, B Bourgeois, NM Bourke, G Bousquet, P Boya, PV Bozhkov, LHM Bozi, TO Bozkurt, DE Brackney, CH Brandts, RJ Braun, GH Braus, R Bravo-Sagua, JM Bravo-San Pedro, P Brest, MA Bringer, A Briones-Herrera, VC Broaddus, P Brodersen, JL Brodsky, SL Brody, PG Bronson, JM Bronstein, CN Brown, RE Brown, PC Brum, JH Brumell, N Brunetti-Pierri, D Bruno, RJ Bryson-Richardson, C Bucci, C Buchrieser, M Bueno, LE Buitrago-Molina, S Buraschi, S Buch, JR Buchan, EM Buckingham, H Budak, M Budini, G Bultynck, F Burada, JR Burgoyne, MI Burón, V Bustos, S Büttner, E Butturini, A Byrd, I Cabas, S Cabrera-Benitez, K Cadwell, J Cai, L Cai, Q Cai, M Cairó, JA Calbet, GA Caldwell, KA Caldwell, JA Call, R Calvani, AC Calvo, M Calvo-Rubio Barrera, NOS Camara, JH Camonis, N Camougrand, M Campanella, EM Campbell, FX Campbell-Valois, S Campello, I Campesi, JC Campos, O Camuzard, J Cancino, D Candido de Almeida, L Canesi, I Caniggia, B Canonico, C Cantí, B Cao, M Caraglia, B Caramés, EH Carchman, E Cardenal-Muñoz, C Cardenas, L Cardenas, SM Cardoso, JS Carew, GF Carle, G Carleton, S Carloni, D Carmona-Gutierrez, LA Carneiro, O Carnevali, JM Carosi, S Carra, A Carrier, L Carrier, B Carroll, AB Carter, AN Carvalho, M Casanova, C Casas, J Casas, C Cassioli, EF Castillo, K Castillo, S Castillo-Lluva, F Castoldi, M Castori, AF Castro, M Castro-Caldas, J Castro-Hernandez, S Castro-Obregon, SD Catz, C Cavadas, F Cavaliere, G Cavallini, M Cavinato, ML Cayuela, P Cebollada Rica, V Cecarini, F Cecconi, M Cechowska-Pasko, S Cenci, V Ceperuelo-Mallafré, JJ Cerqueira, JM Cerutti, D Cervia, VB Cetintas, S Cetrullo, HJ Chae, AS Chagin, CY Chai, G Chakrabarti, O Chakrabarti, T Chakraborty, M Chami, G Chamilos, DW Chan, EYW Chan, ED Chan, HYE Chan, HH Chan, H Chan, MTV Chan, YS Chan, PK Chandra, CP Chang, C Chang, HC Chang, K Chang, J Chao, T Chapman, N Charlet-Berguerand, S Chatterjee, SK Chaube, A Chaudhary, S Chauhan, E Chaum, F Checler, ME Cheetham, CS Chen, GC Chen, JF Chen, L Chen, L Chen, M Chen, MK Chen, N Chen, Q Chen, RH Chen, S Chen, W Chen, XM Chen, XW Chen, X Chen, Y Chen, YG Chen, YJ Chen, YQ Chen, ZS Chen, Z Chen, ZH Chen, ZJ Chen, H Cheng, J Cheng, SY Cheng, W Cheng, X Cheng, XT Cheng, Y Cheng, Z Cheng, H Cheong, JK Cheong, BV Chernyak, S Cherry, CFR Cheung, CHA Cheung, KH Cheung, E Chevet, RJ Chi, AKS Chiang, F Chiaradonna, R Chiarelli, M Chiariello, N Chica, S Chiocca, M Chiong, SH Chiou, AI Chiramel, V Chiurchiù, DH Cho, SK Choe, AMK Choi, ME Choi, KR Choudhury, NS Chow, CT Chu, JP Chua, JJE Chua, H Chung, KP Chung, S Chung, SH Chung, YL Chung, V Cianfanelli, IA Ciechomska, M Cifuentes, L Cinque, S Cirak, M Cirone, MJ Clague, R Clarke, E Clementi, EM Coccia, P Codogno, E Cohen, MM Cohen, T Colasanti, F Colasuonno, RA Colbert, A Colell, M Čolić, NS Coll, MO Collins, MI Colombo, DA Colón-Ramos, L Combaret, S Comincini, MR Cominetti, A Consiglio, A Conte, F Conti, VR Contu, MR Cookson, KM Coombs, I Coppens, MT Corasaniti, DP Corkery, N Cordes, K Cortese, MDC Costa, S Costantino, P Costelli, A Coto-Montes, PJ Crack, JL Crespo, A Criollo, V Crippa, R Cristofani, T Csizmadia, A Cuadrado, B Cui, J Cui, Y Cui, E Culetto, AC Cumino, AV Cybulsky, MJ Czaja, SJ Czuczwar, S D’Adamo, M D’Amelio, D D’Arcangelo, AC D’Lugos, G D’Orazi, JA da Silva, HS Dafsari, RK Dagda, Y Dagdas, M Daglia, X Dai, Y Dai, J Dal Col, P Dalhaimer, L Dalla Valle, T Dallenga, G Dalmasso, M Damme, I Dando, NP Dantuma, AL Darling, H Das, S Dasarathy, SK Dasari, S Dash, O Daumke, AN Dauphinee, JS Davies, VA Dávila, RJ Davis, T Davis, S Dayalan Naidu, F De Amicis, K De Bosscher, F De Felice, L De Franceschi, C De Leonibus, MG de Mattos Barbosa, GRY De Meyer, A De Milito, C De Nunzio, C De Palma, M De Santi, C De Virgilio, D De Zio, J Debnath, BJ DeBosch, JP Decuypere, MA Deehan, G Deflorian, J DeGregori, B Dehay, G Del Rio, JR Delaney, LMD Delbridge, E Delorme-Axford, MV Delpino, F Demarchi, V Dembitz, ND Demers, H Deng, Z Deng, J Dengjel, P Dent, D Denton, ML DePamphilis, CJ Der, V Deretic, A Descoteaux, L Devis, S Devkota, O Devuyst, G Dewson, M Dharmasivam, R Dhiman, D di Bernardo, M Di Cristina, F Di Domenico, P Di Fazio, A Di Fonzo, G Di Guardo, GM Di Guglielmo, L Di Leo, C Di Malta, A Di Nardo, M Di Rienzo, F Di Sano, G Diallinas, J Diao, G Diaz-Araya, I Díaz-Laviada, JM Dickinson, M Diederich, M Dieudé, I Dikic, S Ding, WX Ding, L Dini, J Dinić, M Dinic, AT Dinkova-Kostova, MS Dionne, JHW Distler, A Diwan, IMC Dixon, M Djavaheri-Mergny, I Dobrinski, O Dobrovinskaya, R Dobrowolski, RCJ Dobson, J Đokić, S Dokmeci Emre, M Donadelli, B Dong, XC Dong, Z Dong, GW Dorn II, V Dotsch, H Dou, J Dou, M Dowaidar, S Dridi, L Drucker, A Du, C Du, G Du, HN Du, LL Du, A du Toit, SB Duan, X Duan, SP Duarte, A Dubrovska, EA Dunlop, N Dupont, RV Durán, BS Dwarakanath, SA Dyshlovoy, D Ebrahimi-Fakhari, L Eckhart, CL Edelstein, T Efferth, E Eftekharpour, L Eichinger, N Eid, T Eisenberg, NT Eissa, S Eissa, M Ejarque, A El Andaloussi, N El-Hage, S El-Naggar, AM Eleuteri, ES El-Shafey, M Elgendy, AG Eliopoulos, MM Elizalde, PM Elks, HP Elsasser, ES Elsherbiny, BM Emerling, NCT Emre, CH Eng, N Engedal, AM Engelbrecht, AST Engelsen, JM Enserink, R Escalante, A Esclatine, M Escobar-Henriques, EL Eskelinen, L Espert, MO Eusebio, G Fabrias, C Fabrizi, A Facchiano, F Facchiano, B Fadeel, C Fader, AC Faesen, WD Fairlie, A Falcó, BH Falkenburger, D Fan, J Fan, Y Fan, EF Fang, Y Fang, M Fanto, T Farfel-Becker, M Faure, G Fazeli, AO Fedele, AM Feldman, D Feng, J Feng, L Feng, Y Feng, W Feng, T Fenz Araujo, TA Ferguson, ÁF Fernández, JC Fernandez-Checa, S Fernández-Veledo, AR Fernie, AW Ferrante, A Ferraresi, MF Ferrari, JCB Ferreira, S Ferro-Novick, A Figueras, R Filadi, N Filigheddu, E Filippi-Chiela, G Filomeni, GM Fimia, V Fineschi, F Finetti, S Finkbeiner, EA Fisher, PB Fisher, F Flamigni, SJ Fliesler, TH Flo, I Florance, O Florey, T Florio, E Fodor, C Follo, EA Fon, A Forlino, F Fornai, P Fortini, A Fracassi, A Fraldi, B Franco, R Franco, F Franconi, LB Frankel, SL Friedman, LF Fröhlich, G Frühbeck, JM Fuentes, Y Fujiki, N Fujita, Y Fujiwara, M Fukuda, S Fulda, L Furic, N Furuya, C Fusco, MU Gack, L Gaffke, S Galadari, A Galasso, MF Galindo, S Gallolu Kankanamalage, L Galluzzi, V Galy, N Gammoh, B Gan, IG Ganley, F Gao, H Gao, M Gao, P Gao, SJ Gao, W Gao, X Gao, A Garcera, MN Garcia, VE Garcia, F García-Del Portillo, V Garcia-Escudero, A Garcia-Garcia, M Garcia-Macia, D García-Moreno, C Garcia-Ruiz, P García-Sanz, AD Garg, R Gargini, T Garofalo, RF Garry, NC Gassen, D Gatica, L Ge, W Ge, R Geiss-Friedlander, C Gelfi, P Genschik, IE Gentle, V Gerbino, C Gerhardt, K Germain, M Germain, DA Gewirtz, E Ghasemipour Afshar, S Ghavami, A Ghigo, M Ghosh, G Giamas, C Giampietri, A Giatromanolaki, GE Gibson, SB Gibson, V Ginet, E Giniger, C Giorgi, H Girao, SE Girardin, M Giridharan, S Giuliano, C Giulivi, S Giuriato, J Giustiniani, A Gluschko, V Goder, A Goginashvili, J Golab, DC Goldstone, A Golebiewska, LR Gomes, R Gomez, R Gómez-Sánchez, MC Gomez-Puerto, R Gomez-Sintes, Q Gong, FM Goni, J González-Gallego, T Gonzalez-Hernandez, RA Gonzalez-Polo, JA Gonzalez-Reyes, P González-Rodríguez, IS Goping, MS Gorbatyuk, NV Gorbunov, K Görgülü, RM Gorojod, SM Gorski, S Goruppi, C Gotor, RA Gottlieb, I Gozes, D Gozuacik, M Graef, MH Gräler, V Granatiero, D Grasso, JP Gray, DR Green, A Greenhough, SL Gregory, EF Griffin, MW Grinstaff, F Gros, C Grose, AS Gross, F Gruber, P Grumati, T Grune, X Gu, JL Guan, CM Guardia, K Guda, F Guerra, C Guerri, P Guha, C Guillén, S Gujar, A Gukovskaya, I Gukovsky, J Gunst, A Günther, AR Guntur, C Guo, H Guo, LW Guo, M Guo, P Gupta, SK Gupta, S Gupta, VB Gupta, V Gupta, AB Gustafsson, DD Gutterman, R HB, A Haapasalo, JE Haber, A Hać, S Hadano, AJ Hafrén, M Haidar, BS Hall, G Halldén, A Hamacher-Brady, A Hamann, M Hamasaki, W Han, M Hansen, PI Hanson, Z Hao, M Harada, L Harhaji-Trajkovic, N Hariharan, N Haroon, J Harris, T Hasegawa, N Hasima Nagoor, JA Haspel, V Haucke, WD Hawkins, BA Hay, CM Haynes, SB Hayrabedyan, TS Hays, C He, Q He, RR He, YW He, YY He, Y Heakal, AM Heberle, JF Hejtmancik, GV Helgason, V Henkel, M Herb, A Hergovich, A Herman-Antosiewicz, A Hernández, C Hernandez, S Hernandez-Diaz, V Hernandez-Gea, A Herpin, J Herreros, JH Hervás, D Hesselson, C Hetz, VT Heussler, Y Higuchi, S Hilfiker, JA Hill, WS Hlavacek, EA Ho, IHT Ho, PWL Ho, SL Ho, WY Ho, GA Hobbs, M Hochstrasser, PHM Hoet, D Hofius, P Hofman, A Höhn, CI Holmberg, JR Hombrebueno, CWH Yi-Ren Hong, LV Hooper, T Hoppe, R Horos, Y Hoshida, IL Hsin, HY Hsu, B Hu, D Hu, LF Hu, MC Hu, R Hu, W Hu, YC Hu, ZW Hu, F Hua, J Hua, Y Hua, C Huan, C Huang, H Huang, K Huang, MLH Huang, R Huang, S Huang, T Huang, X Huang, YJ Huang, TB Huber, V Hubert, CA Hubner, SM Hughes, WE Hughes, M Humbert, G Hummer, JH Hurley, S Hussain, PJ Hussey, M Hutabarat, HY Hwang, S Hwang, A Ieni, F Ikeda, Y Imagawa, Y Imai, C Imbriano, M Imoto, DM Inman, K Inoki, J Iovanna, RV Iozzo, G Ippolito, JE Irazoqui, P Iribarren, M Ishaq, M Ishikawa, N Ishimwe, C Isidoro, N Ismail, S Issazadeh-Navikas, E Itakura, D Ito, D Ivankovic, S Ivanova, AKV Iyer, JM Izquierdo, M Izumi, M Jäättelä, MS 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Kaufmann, A Kauppinen, GP Kaushal, S Kaushik, K Kawasaki, K Kazan, PY Ke, DJ Keating, U Keber, JH Kehrl, KE Keller, CW Keller, JK Kemper, CM Kenific, O Kepp, S Kermorgant, A Kern, R Ketteler, TG Keulers, B Khalfin, H Khalil, B Khambu, SY Khan, VKM Khandelwal, R Khandia, W Kho, NV Khobrekar, S Khuansuwan, M Khundadze, SA Killackey, DE Kim, DR Kim, DH Kim, DE Kim, EY Kim, EK Kim, HR Kim, HS Kim, JH Hyung-Ryong Kim Kim, JK Kim, JH Kim, J Kim, KI Kim, PK Kim, SJ Kim, SR Kimball, A Kimchi, AC Kimmelman, T Kimura, MA King, KJ Kinghorn, CG Kinsey, V Kirkin, LA Kirshenbaum, SL Kiselev, S Kishi, K Kitamoto, Y Kitaoka, K Kitazato, RN Kitsis, JT Kittler, O Kjaerulff, PS Klein, T Klopstock, J Klucken, H Knævelsrud, RL Knorr, BCB Ko, F Ko, JL Ko, H Kobayashi, S Kobayashi, I Koch, JC Koch, U Koenig, D Kögel, YH Koh, M Koike, SD Kohlwein, NM Kocaturk, M Komatsu, J König, T Kono, BT Kopp, T Korcsmaros, G Korkmaz, VI Korolchuk, MS Korsnes, A Koskela, J Kota, Y Kotake, ML Kotler, Y Kou, MI Koukourakis, E Koustas, AL Kovacs, T Kovács, D Koya, T Kozako, C Kraft, D Krainc, H Krämer, AD Krasnodembskaya, C Kretz-Remy, G Kroemer, NT Ktistakis, K Kuchitsu, S Kuenen, L Kuerschner, T Kukar, A Kumar, D Kumar, S Kumar, S Kume, C Kumsta, CN Kundu, M Kundu, AB Kunnumakkara, L Kurgan, TG Kutateladze, O Kutlu, S Kwak, HJ Kwon, TK Kwon, YT Kwon, I Kyrmizi, A La Spada, P Labonté, S Ladoire, I Laface, F Lafont, DC Lagace, V Lahiri, Z Lai, AS Laird, A Lakkaraju, T Lamark, SH Lan, A Landajuela, DJR Lane, JD Lane, CH Lang, C Lange, Ü Langel, R Langer, P Lapaquette, J Laporte, NF LaRusso, I Lastres-Becker, WCY Lau, GW Laurie, S Lavandero, BYK Law, HKW Law, R Layfield, W Le, H Le Stunff, AY Leary, JJ Lebrun, LYW Leck, JP Leduc-Gaudet, C Lee, CP Lee, DH Lee, EB Lee, EF Lee, GM Lee, HJ Lee, HK Lee, JM Lee, JS Lee, JA Lee, JY Lee, JH Lee, M Lee, MG Lee, MJ Lee, MS Lee, SY Lee, SJ Lee, SB Lee, WH Lee, YR Lee, YH Lee, Y Lee, C Lefebvre, R Legouis, YL Lei, Y Lei, S Leikin, G Leitinger, L Lemus, S Leng, O Lenoir, G Lenz, HJ Lenz, P Lenzi, Y León, AM Leopoldino, C Leschczyk, S Leskelä, E Letellier, CT Leung, PS Leung, JS Leventhal, B Levine, PA Lewis, K Ley, B Li, DQ Li, J Li, K Li, L Li, M Li, PL Li, M Li, Q Li, S Li, T Li, W Li, X Li, YP Li, Y Li, Z Li, J Lian, C Liang, Q Liang, W Liang, Y Liang, G Liao, L Liao, M Liao, YF Liao, M Librizzi, PPY Lie, MA Lilly, HJ Lim, TRR Lima, F Limana, C Lin, CW Lin, DS Lin, FC Lin, JD Lin, KM Lin, KH Lin, LT Lin, PH Lin, Q Lin, S Lin, SJ Lin, W Lin, X Lin, YX Lin, YS Lin, R Linden, P Lindner, SC Ling, P Lingor, AK Linnemann, YC Liou, MM Lipinski, S Lipovšek, VA Lira, N Lisiak, PB Liton, C Liu, CH Liu, CF Liu, F Liu, H Liu, HS Liu, HF Liu, J Liu, L Liu, M Liu, Q Liu, W Liu, XH Liu, X Liu, Y Liu, JA Livingston, G Lizard, JM Lizcano, S Ljubojevic-Holzer, ME LLeonart, D Llobet-Navàs, A Llorente, CH Lo, D Lobato-Márquez, Q Long, YC Long, B Loos, JA Loos, MG López, G López-Doménech, JA López-Guerrero, AT López-Jiménez, Ó López-Pérez, I López-Valero, MJ Lorenowicz, M Lorente, P Lorincz, L Lossi, S Lotersztajn, PE Lovat, JF Lovell, A Lovy, P Lőw, G Lu, H Lu, JH Lu, JJ Lu, M Lu, S Lu, A Luciani, JM Lucocq, P Ludovico, MA Luftig, M Luhr, D Luis-Ravelo, JJ Lum, L Luna-Dulcey, AH Lund, VK Lund, JD Lünemann, P Lüningschrör, H Luo, R Luo, S Luo, Z Luo, C Luparello, B Lüscher, L Luu, A Lyakhovich, KG Lyamzaev, AH Lystad, L Lytvynchuk, AC Ma, C Ma, M Ma, NF Ma, QH Ma, X Ma, Y Ma, Z Ma, OA MacDougald, F Macian, GC MacIntosh, JP MacKeigan, KF Macleod, S Maday, F Madeo, M Madesh, T Madl, J Madrigal-Matute, A Maeda, Y Maejima, M Magarinos, P Mahavadi, E Maiani, K Maiese, P Maiti, MC Maiuri, B Majello, MB Major, E Makareeva, F Malik, K Mallilankaraman, W Malorni, A Maloyan, N Mammadova, GCW Man, F Manai, JD Mancias, EM Mandelkow, MA Mandell, AA Manfredi, MH Manjili, R Manjithaya, P Manque, BB Manshian, R Manzano, C Manzoni, K Mao, C Marchese, S Marchetti, AM Marconi, F Marcucci, S Mardente, OA Mareninova, M Margeta, M Mari, S Marinelli, O Marinelli, G Mariño, 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Sluimer, CL Stallings, CK Tong

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field. © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)1-382
Number of pages382
JournalAutophagy
Volume17
Issue number1
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 2021

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