Fattibilità della exeresi. Aspetti controversi nella chirurgia del carcinoma del pancreas

Pancreatic cancer has a dismal prognosis also after resection with a 5 years' survival of about 5% in operated patients. The main clinical issue in patients with a malignant tumour is to identify the ones that would benefit from a surgical treatment. Resectability of pancreatic cancer has not an absolute value and the possible advantages in terms of prognosis and quality of life should be balanced with surgical mortality and morbidity. For this reason the management of this disease involves a multidisciplinary approach and the surgeon should liase with the other specialists in experienced oncology centers. En exaustive evaluation of the fallowing prognostic factors should be made pre and intra-operatively to better define life expectancy with or without resection: Histotype: endocrine tumours and cystoadenocarcinoma have, in general, a better prognosis, Stadiation: JPS classification has a better prognostic value if compared to the UICC. Completeness of the resection. Biological characteristics of the tumour. The main variables to be considered for the exeresis are: Size and local growth of the tumour (also considering the involvement of vessels, retroperitoneum and pancreatic capsule). Liver or peritoneal metastases: for this laparoscopy has a key role for staging. Histologic confirmation: differential diagnosis with chronic pancreatitis is sometimes difficult and every attempt should be made to have a pre-operative histology. Vascular invasion is one of the main contraindications to surgery and an exaustive evaluation of vascular involvement should be considered mandatory. Lymph nodal involvement, in general, represents a negative prognostic factor even if Japanese authors claim that a radical resection can be performed in case of positive nodes in the peripancreatic area, if a complete lymphadenectomy is carried out.