Clinimetric properties of visuo-perceptual and visuo-cognitive assessment tools used for children with cerebral visual impairment and cerebral palsy or developmental delay: a systematic review

Purpose: The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the psychometrics and clinical utility of visuo-perceptual and visuo-cognitive assessment tools in children with cerebral visual impairment (CVI) and cerebral palsy (CP) or neurodevelopmental delay (DD). Materials and methods: Five databases (PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS, CINAHL, and Cochrane Database) were comprehensively searched from 1970 till June 2021. The PRISMA checklist was utilised to report on the process of selecting eligible papers. The methodological quality of included studies was evaluated using COnsenus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstrument (COSMIN) checklist. Results: Of the 26 assessment tools identified, only seven tools had psychometric evidence supporting their use. Based on COSMIN guidelines, 60% of included studies were rated as inadequate or doubtful for their methodological quality of measurement properties, with equal number being rated as indeterminate on the overall rating. Conclusions: Cerebral visual impairment due to its varied clinical presentation is often missed in children with CP and DD. There is a paucity of studies reporting on the validity and reliability of functional vision tools. Further studies are needed to conduct high-quality psychometric reporting using the updated COSMIN guidelines to identify appropriate functional vision tools for children with CP or DD.Implications for rehabilitation There are paucity of studies evaluating the validity and reliability of existing perceptual and cognitive assessment tools in children with cerebral visual impairment (CVI) and cerebral palsy (CP). Development of age-appropriate assessment tools evaluating all aspects of functional vision will assist in providing more holistic child-centric rehabilitation programs. A combination of detailed perinatal history, direct observation, and clinical assessments of functional vision are important to recognise CVI in children with CP.