Chemokine network in multiple sclerosis: Role in pathogenesis and targeting for future treatments

Multiple sclerosis is the most common inflammatory disorder of the CNS. Evidence suggests that an immunomediated mechanism plays a crucial role during the development of the disease. Currently, two classes of immunomodulatory agents - interferon-β and glatiramer acetate (Copaxone®, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries), have been approved for the long-term treatment of multiple sclerosis. New drugs which effectively target the immunological processes occurring in multiple sclerosis have been proposed. This review summarizes the immunological background that occurs during the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis focusing on chemokines and related receptors. The effects of standard treatments on the immune system are analyzed along with the current knowledge of potential new immunomodulatory molecules, such as antiadhesion molecules, statins, estriol, cannabinoids, neurotrophic factors and chemokine antagonists.